Annualized costs for the baseline facility are estimated to be $56,000 for a small facility and $115,000 for a large facility. EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0619, Mail Code 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460. [10] An explosion in one cell may ignite any combustible gas mixture in the remaining cells. This malfunction was due to failure to operate and maintain the control equipment in a manner consistent with good air pollution control practices, and the malfunction was dealt with through an agreed order between the Energy and Environment Cabinet of Kentucky and the facility. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR between 30 and 60 days after receipt, OMB must receive comments no later than March 25, 2022. This converts the formerly liquid interior of the cells into a semi-stiff paste, providing many of the same advantages of the AGM. on FederalRegister.gov You can find a copy of the ICRs in the docket for this rule, and they are briefly summarized here. Therefore, we expect that in general the small facilities would be more likely to experience significant economic impacts if they were required to install secondary filters on their paste mixing operations. A study was conducted on a lead -acid battery company using the See the final NSPS published on April 16, 1982 (47 FR 16564) and the Only official editions of the Mail: This ratio provides a measure of the direct economic impact to ultimate parent owners of facilities while presuming no impact on consumers. Furthermore, while the original Secondary Lead Smelting NESHAP that was promulgated in 1995 only required initial performance tests for total hydrocarbons (THC), the regulation has been revised to now require annual performance tests for THCs (on the same schedule as annual testing requirements for Pb) and requires performance tests every 6 years for dioxin and furans from each source that emits those pollutants, unless the facility uses continuous emissions monitors. Malfunctions, in contrast, are neither predictable nor routine. The book summarizes current knowledge on lead-acid battery production, presenting it in the form of an integral theory that is supported by ample illustrative material and experimental data that allows technologists and engineers to control technological processes in battery plants. The information in this preamble is organized as follows: B. 13. Estimated Cost Impacts of Best System of Emission Reduction Review of Subpart KK and Subpart PPPPPP Technology Review and Emissions and Ambient Monitoring Data Used for the Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Rule Reviews, Epsom salts reduce the internal resistance in a weak or damaged battery and may allow a small amount of extended life. September 2013. May 2012. e.g., We are seeking for highly motivated postdoctoral fellows to join in Dr. Thanh Hoang?s lab in the University of Michigan. https://www.regulations.gov/, The OFR/GPO partnership is committed to presenting accurate and reliable The EPA is proposing revised lead (Pb) emission limits for grid casting, paste mixing, and lead reclamation operations for both the area source NESHAP (for new and existing sources) and under a new NSPS subpart (for lead acid battery facilities that begin construction, reconstruction, or modification after February 23, 2022). Since secondary HEPA filters have been demonstrated and are a feasible control technology for paste mixing (as described above), and because the estimated cost effectiveness for large facilities is within the range of values accepted previously by EPA, the EPA is proposing to determine that secondary HEPA filters represent the new BSER for paste mixing at large facilities. See EPA Form 5900-577 Additionally, Executive Order 13985 was signed to advance racial equity and support underserved communities through Federal government actions (86 FR 7009, January 20, 2021). [41], Leadacid battery-recycling sites, themselves, have become a source of lead pollution, and by 1992, the EPA had selected 29 such sites for its Superfund clean-up, with 22 on its National Priority List.[38]. The EPA anticipates this phase could take 1 to 2 years, depending on the approved plan elements. The annual recordkeeping and reporting cost for responding facilities to comply with all of the requirements in the NSPS KKa and the NESHAP, averaged over the 3 years of this ICR, is estimated to be $174,000 (rounded, per year). Lead is a potent neurotoxin, especially in children, where even low-level exposure is associated with a reduction in IQ scores, shortened attention spans and potentially violent and even criminal behaviour later in life, according to a United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund and Pure Earth report. To obtain Therefore, the proposed compliance date for compliance with the fugitive dust mitigation plan is 3 years. Their exposure to lead includes breathing dust and fumes from informal and backyard lead-acid battery recycling units and open-air smelters, eating food contaminated by lead-glazed pottery and working in electronic waste dumps. The data, analyses, and decisions, including the cost and cost effectiveness for existing facilities, is discussed in this section. About 86% of refined lead is used in lead acid battery production in the world, according to estimates by ILZSG. Under CAA section 112, emissions standards for new sources must be no less stringent than the level achieved by the best controlled similar source and for existing sources generally must be no less stringent than the average emission limitation achieved by the best performing 12 percent of sources in the category. Respondent's obligation to respond: Revised Lead Emission Limits for Grid Casting Operations and Lead Reclamation, d. Improved Monitoring of Emission Points Controlled by Fabric Filters and Scrubbers, a. grid casting). Leakage is minimal, although some electrolyte still escapes if the recombination cannot keep up with gas evolution. Through these efforts, we obtained and reviewed state permits for 37 of the 40 plants currently subject to the rules to inform the technology review and BSER review and to obtain other relevant information about the source category such as monitoring approaches applied. During the burning operation each positive and negative plate tab is welded to lead to produce an element and these are then welded to respective positive and negative posts on the batterys case top. The EPA's approach to malfunctions in the analogous circumstances (setting achievable standards under section 112) has been upheld as reasonable by the D.C. Estimated Cost Impacts of Best System of Emission Reduction Review of Subpart KK and Subpart PPPPPP Technology Review and Emissions and Ambient Monitoring Data Used for the Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Rule Reviews, Google Scholar. The EPA may not be able to arrange accommodations without advanced notice. [8] In 1992 about 3 million tons of lead were used in the manufacture of batteries. NMC battery is good in terms of acidification potential and particular matter. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK Shenzhen). documents in the last year, 909 U.S. Sugar Corp. China was the biggest market player in terms of lead consumption for batteries followed by Europe and the United States. SPPDpublichearing@epa.gov. The costs for a new, reconstructed, and modified facility to comply with the proposed regulatory requirements discussed above are described in detail in section IV.B and are summarized below. For the following proposed revisions, we are proposing a compliance date of 3 years after the publication date of the final rule: Requirements to develop and follow a fugitive dust mitigation plan and requirements that performance testing be conducted at least once every 5 years. To assess whether fabric filters are the best system of emission reduction for controlling Pb emissions from grid casting and lead reclamation processes, we examined the costs and emission reductions from installing and operating fabric filters on large and small facilities. EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0619) and include a redline version of the regulation for the NESHAP and new proposed regulatory language for the new NSPS subpart. i.e., which is available in the docket for this action. As defined in the Such designs are even less susceptible to evaporation and are often used in situations where little or no periodic maintenance is possible. Bag Leak Detection Requirements: v. 42 U.S.C. Recent maintenance procedures have been developed allowing "rehydration", often restoring significant amounts of lost capacity. Under 40 CFR 63.7(f) and 40 CFR 68.3(f) of subpart A of the General Provisions, a source may apply to the EPA to use alternative test methods or alternative monitoring requirements in place of any required testing methods, performance specifications or procedures in the final rule or any amendments. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959; or by telephone at (610) 832-9500. Malfunctions, in contrast, are neither predictable nor routine. The data and analyses regarding these operations are provided in the Technology Review Memorandum, which is available in the docket. We are also proposing to require all facilities to have replacement filters on hand in case filters are damaged, and we are proposing that large facilities must also have replacement secondary filters on hand for the paste mixing process control devices. Revised Emission Limit for Paste Mixing Operations: Total costs for testing for the entire industry are estimated to be $1.3 million every 5 years (which equates to an average annual cost of $260,000 per year for the entire industry). This action is not subject to Executive Order 13211 because it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866. To ensure these processes utilizing Pb are regulated to the same extent as those that are located at facilities where the final battery products are produced, the EPA is proposing to revise the applicability provisions in the NESHAP such that facilities that process Pb to manufacture battery parts (such as battery grids) or input material (such as lead oxide) will be subject to the NESHAP regardless of whether or not they produce the end product ( 12. Science 373, 384387 (2021). The Public Inspection page to request a file transfer link. Overall, based on our review, we conclude that it is technically feasible for facilities to control Pb emissions from lead reclamation with a fabric filter. Article documents in the last year, 1428 New source performance standards were first proposed in 40 CFR part 60, subpart KK for the Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing source category on January 14, 1980 (45 FR 2790). This rulemaking involves technical standards. It will not have substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. HEPA filters); replacement bags on site; and addition of bag leak detection systems for large facilities that do not have secondary filters, as described in more detail below. Components of a lead-acid battery 4 2.2. SLI batteries (starting, lighting, ignition; e.g., car batteries) suffer the most deterioration because vehicles normally stand unused for relatively long periods of time. With a secondary HEPA filter's capability to achieve additional reduction efficiency of at least 99.97 percent following the fabric filters compared to the 99 percent reduction efficiencies of the primary fabric filter, the BSER emissions control technology available when the NSPS KK was developed ( 734 F.3d 1115, 1141 (D.C. Cir. ASTM D7520-16, Standard Test Method for Determining the Opacity of a Plume in the Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere, approved April 1, 2016, IBR requested for. After the assembling, battery jar is filled with required amount of electrolyte through a filling or vent tube. Attention: Desk Officer for the EPA. Electronic files should not include special characters or any form of encryption and be free of any defects or viruses. You must also have standard operating procedures in place including daily or other frequency quality checks to ensure the equipment is within manufacturing specifications as outlined in section 8.1 of ASTM D7520-16. Therefore, the production process of lead-acid batteries requires strict control of various parameters to ensure the quality of the battery. Capital costs for baseline facilities to purchase and install a wet scrubber are estimated to be $74,000 for a small and large lead reclamation facility based on our assumption that all plant sizes have the same size reclamation facility at the time reclamation occurs at such facilities (as explained above, we have not identified any facilities currently conducting lead reclamation). These memoranda are available in the docket for this action (Docket ID No. The EPA further defines the term fair treatment to mean that no group of people should bear a disproportionate burden of environmental harms and risks, including those resulting from the negative environmental consequences of industrial, governmental, and commercial operations or programs and policies ( Technology Review and NSPS Review for Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/epa-ereporting-policy-statement-2013-09-30.pdf. E-Reporting Policy Statement for EPA Regulations, The EPA is also proposing to retain the Pb emission limits and opacity limits for three-process operations, other lead-emitting operations, and lead oxide manufacturing. Lead oxide may be produced by the battery manufacturer, as is the case for many larger battery manufacturing plants or may be purchased from a supplier. This includes performing inspections of the fabric filter on a more frequent basis, ranging from weekly to quarterly, and includes performing inspections of additional equipment, such as dust collection hoppers and conveyance systems. exemption contained in 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and 40 CFR 63.6(h)(1), holding that under section 302(k) of the CAA, emissions standards or limitations must be continuous in nature and that the SSM exemption violates the CAA's requirement that some section 112 standards apply continuously. Two adjustment factors were applied to the modeled annual concentrations: One to convert the annual concentrations to a 3-month rolling average, which is the form of the NAAQS, and the second to adjust the modeled result based on the ambient concentrations monitored at each site. EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0619. The EPA will announce further details at Start Printed Page 10143 By value, about 60% of lead-acid batteries . The estimated incremental cost effectiveness of a fabric filter compared to NSPS KK baseline (application of a scrubber) for a small lead reclamation facility is $236,000 per ton of Pb reduced and for a large facility is $130,000 per ton of Pb. i.e., The President of the United States communicates information on holidays, commemorations, special observances, trade, and policy through Proclamations. We estimate that performance testing for Pb costs about $23,000 to test one stack and an additional $5,500 to test each additional stack during the same testing event. the degree of emission limitation achievable through the application of the proposed BSER. Reuters, the news and media division of Thomson Reuters, is the worlds largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. [5] With regard to monitoring, testing, and other compliance assurance measures, we have identified proposed improvements to requirements associated with the current standards that will help ensure compliance, including: Bag leak detection system requirements for fabric filters at large facilities; increased inspections of fabric filters at all facilities without secondary filters to ensure proper performance; performance testing for compliance once every 5 years at all facilities (with allowances for representative stacks as determined by the delegated authority); and work practices to minimize fugitive dust emissions. 3. used the estimated emissions from a 1989 EPA preliminary draft review of the NSPS KK as well as cost of controls from that 1989 document (scaled up to 2020 dollars). Most of the world's leadacid batteries are automobile starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) batteries, with an estimated 320 million units shipped in 1999.
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